‘Unfit for reform or punishment’: mental disorder and discipline in Liverpool Borough Prison in the late nineteenth century

This article examines how Liverpool Borough Prison, opened in 1855 as one of the largest local prisons in England to adopt the separate system, categorized and dealt with mental distress and disorder amongst its prison population in the late nineteenth century. High prison committal rates in Liverpool, alongside high levels of recidivism, especially among female prisoners, led to severe overcrowding and encouraged a harsh disciplinary regime. Exacerbated by the poor physical and mental condition of the prisoners, this produced a challenging environment for maintaining the separate system of confinement and prisoners’ mental well-being. While official figures for the rates of mental disorder in local prisons are not readily available, Liverpool Prison’s diverse and under-exploited archives and official reports indicate that insanity caused prison officials and visiting justices great concern, and many prisoners were declared unfit for the rigours of prison discipline. Our article explores the implications of the ever more punitive, deterrent and physically taxing penal policy implemented in the late nineteenth century on the minds of prisoners. Despite the heavy toll on prisoners’ mental well-being, such cases were often retained by prison medical officers reluctant to acknowledge the failure of the prison to deter, reform and redeem.     

Deaths of people with serious mental disorder: An exploration of deaths in custody and fatal police contacts

People with serious mental disorders (PSMDs) are overrepresented both in prison deaths and during fatal encounters with the police in the community (deaths after police contact, DAPC). To identify common factors present across cases of who died during contact with the criminal justice system in Queensland, publicly available coroners reports were analysed (N = 38). The findings of the study indicated psychosis and mood disorders were the most common diagnosis in incarcerated PSMD deaths, and suicide was the most common cause of death for incarcerated PSMDs. Within incarcerated settings, access to healthcare records, medication compliance, risk assessment and monitoring, and safe housing of at‐risk prisoners may be potential areas to explore with regard to prevention. Similarly, PSMD DAPCs were more likely to be experiencing mood or psychosis disorders than other forms of mental disorder, and suicide and police shootings were the most common causes of death. In PSMD DAPC, inadequate mental health access, treatment noncompliance and comorbid substance use were included as potential areas that could direct research efforts toward prevention.     

Turkey’s Twitter public diplomacy: Towards a “new” cult of personality

This study examined how Turkey uses social media as a tool for public diplomacy and how the state’s soft-power efforts have recently changed on the global stage. The researchers constructed a dataset of 2769 Twitter posts by the Turkish government’s most influential public diplomacy accounts. The analyses revealed that the focus of Turkey’s Twitter public diplomacy has become concentrated on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and is thematically focused on the political values embodied by the Turkish president. The findings suggest that public diplomacy remains to be the diplomacy of the government, not of the public, and social media is used as just another tool for propaganda, not as a means of engagement with foreign publics. Further, the findings indicate the emergence of a “new” cult of personality in public diplomacy and point out the instrumental role of social media in changing the dynamics of leader-follower relationship. The study contributes to public relations theory and practice by advancing the burgeoning public diplomacy scholarship at the intersection of social media and relational approaches.     

老舍小说《歪毛儿》考索

老舍的短篇小说《歪毛儿》模仿了英国近代作家贝尔斯弗德的奇幻小说《恨世者》,但在立意和表现手法上进行了若干改造。贝尔斯弗德《恨世者》的主题是“恨世”,而老舍《歪毛儿》的主题却具有多义性。《恨世者》的主人公是个大智若愚的“隐者”,而《歪毛儿》的主人公充其量只是个徘徊于“敷衍”与“硬拐硬碰”之间的“畸零人”。老舍不赞同“恨世”,而主张用宗教的人格教育作为济世救人的手段;他认为,若能以耶稣外圆内方的人格为楷模,人们也可能在纷乱的现世中“得到许多许多的自由”。     

‘How dare you pretend to be disabled?’ The discounting of transabled people and their claims in disability movements and studies

Although the contours of the ‘disabled person’ category are questioned by anti-ableist activists, they remain rigid regarding transabled people (who want to become disabled). For anti-ableist activists, transabled people do not count as disabled. They are perceived to: be falsely disabled; steal resources from disabled people; and be disrespectful by denying, fetishizing, or appropriating marginalized realities. By combining critical discourse analysis, genealogy, and deconstruction, I examine these negative discourses to encourage alliances between anti-ableist activists and transabled people. Ideas developed in disability and trans studies reveal the limits of these discourses anchored in ableist and cisnormative* assumptions.     

Movers as early adopters of linguistic innovation

Long‐distance migration is a primary source of language contact. Those who voluntarily migrate, though, may not resemble the broader population: psychological research suggests some factors that predispose people to become migrants also tend to lead to more openness to trying new things, potentially including linguistic features. This implies differential reactions to language contact, so inferences drawn from migrants may not generalize to the language‐contact process more generally. To test this hypothesis, this article examines lexical patterns in the 1940 United States census, focusing on who used the title mortician or funeral director rather than the traditional undertaker. Individuals who had moved from their state of birth were particularly likely to use the newer terms, even when explicitly controlling for the distribution of titles among the states from which the movers relocated. The personal characteristics leading people to encounter new linguistic environments may also independently affect their choices within those environments.     

试析恽代英创新人格

恽代英是我党早期创新人才的代表。本文从人格心理学的视角,运用个案分析法、文献研究法、心理历史学研究等方法,对恽代英进行创新人格探析,既是创新研究的深化也是对恽代英研究的拓展。恽代英在品德、意志、智慧三方面构成了“金三角”人格模型,形成了其独特的创新人格,这与其在早年接受中国优秀传统文化熏陶,胸怀“利社会、利国家、利天下”的崇高理想信念,注重自我修养、自主学习,身体力行、勤于实践等因素是分不开的。对恽代英成长历程的分析,为当今创新人才的培养提供了有益经验。     

高师生性心理健康与其人格特质关系的实证研究

本文通过对6 所师范院校的1400 名高师生性心理健康进行综合分析,得出高师生性心理健康水平与其人格特 质的精神质之间有着极其显著的负相关,心理健康水平随着精神质值的增高而降低,高师生的精神质可以显著地预测其性心 理健康水平状况。为高师生了解人格特质,健全其人格,提高性心理健康水平提供了可参考的实践依据,为师范院校提升师范 生的心理素质提供了科学依据.     

论冰心的女性意识

冰心是中国现代文学史上女性意识鲜明的作家。但研究界对她"爱的哲学"思想探究较多,却对其女性意识关注不够。本文从她笔下的女性形象分析入手,阐释了其女性意识的内涵及其嬗变过程,为人们全面认识和评价冰心提供了独特视角。     

《追风筝的人》主人公阿米尔的人格成长——从弗洛伊德的精神分析角度解读阿米尔的三重人格

小说《追风筝的人》描写的是主人公阿米尔为了年少时犯下的错误,寻找自我救赎的历程。弗洛伊德人格结构理论的基本观点是,人格由本我,自我和超我三个部分组成。人格结构理论被广泛地应用于文学作品中人物性格的分析,从而更好的掌握人物性格的成长和蜕变。本文试图运用弗洛伊德的人格结构理论,探寻主人公阿米尔年少时自我迷失的原因,以及他在成长过程中如何形成强大的自我,完成自我救赎的动力所在。